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  "data": {
    "topic": "non-compete",
    "state": "minnesota",
    "frontmatter": {
      "title": "Employment Non-Competes in Minnesota",
      "description": "A question-by-question summary of Minnesota's 2023 non-compete statute, legacy Minnesota common law, statutory exceptions, nonsolicitation treatment, and choice-of-law limits.",
      "state": "Minnesota",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-05-27",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "authors": [
        "steven-obiajulu"
      ],
      "summary": {
        "enforceability": "banned",
        "bottomLine": "Most employee and independent-contractor non-competes signed on or after July 1, 2023 are void and unenforceable, with only sale-of-business and business-dissolution exceptions surviving.",
        "keyLaw": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988",
        "exceptions": "Sale of business; dissolution of business; pre-July 1, 2023 agreements under common law; NDAs/nonsolicits excluded",
        "banEffectiveDate": "July 1, 2023 (prospective only)",
        "courtNarrowing": "no",
        "appliesToContractors": "yes",
        "noticeRequirement": "None",
        "incomeThreshold": "None",
        "saleOfBusiness": "Allowed sale-of-business exception",
        "customerNonSolicit": "Excluded from statutory ban",
        "employeeNonSolicit": "Excluded unless it functions like non-compete"
      },
      "about": [
        "Minnesota non-compete agreements",
        "Minn. Stat. § 181.988",
        "Minnesota employee restrictive covenants",
        "Minnesota non-solicitation agreements",
        "Minnesota choice of law non-competes"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "language": "中文",
          "status": "planned"
        },
        {
          "language": "Español",
          "status": "planned"
        },
        {
          "language": "Português",
          "status": "planned"
        },
        {
          "language": "Deutsch",
          "status": "planned"
        }
      ],
      "relatedForm": {
        "slug": "openagreements-restrictive-covenant-minnesota"
      }
    },
    "questions": [
      {
        "slug": "employee-non-compete-enforceability",
        "label": "Are employee non-competes enforceable?",
        "heading": "Are employee non-compete agreements enforceable in Minnesota?",
        "answerText": "Usually no, for agreements entered into on or after July 1, 2023. Minn. Stat. § 181.988 makes covered covenants not to compete void and unenforceable, unless a sale-of-business or dissolution exception applies.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "id": "minn-181-988-voids-employment-noncompetes",
            "authorityType": "primary-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 2(a)",
            "citation": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 2(a) (2025).",
            "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/181.988",
            "proposition": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 2(a), supports the rule that covered covenants not to compete are void and unenforceable.",
            "verbatimQuote": "Any covenant not to compete contained in a contract or agreement is void and unenforceable.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-minn-181-988-voids-employment-noncompetes"
          },
          {
            "id": "minn-181-988-includes-independent-contractors",
            "authorityType": "primary-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 1(c)",
            "citation": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 1(c) (2025).",
            "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/181.988",
            "proposition": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 1(c), supports treating independent contractors as covered employees for this section.",
            "verbatimQuote": "\"Employee\" as used in this section means any individual who performs services for an employer, including independent contractors.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-minn-181-988-includes-independent-contractors"
          },
          {
            "id": "cooley-minn-181-988-independent-contractors",
            "authorityType": "law-firm-commentary",
            "tier": "lawyer-judgment-backed",
            "title": "Cooley commentary",
            "citation": "Cooley, Minnesota Set to Ban Most Noncompete Agreements Beginning July 1, 2023 (2023).",
            "url": "https://www.cooley.com/news/insight/2023/2023-06-28-minnesota-set-to-ban-most-noncompete-agreements-beginning-july-1-2023",
            "proposition": "Cooley supports the broad employee-and-independent-contractor reading of Minnesota's ban.",
            "verbatimQuote": "SF 3035 is broadly written and bans all noncompetes between an employer and an employee or independent contractor",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-cooley-minn-181-988-independent-contractors"
          },
          {
            "id": "littler-minn-181-988-complete-prohibition",
            "authorityType": "law-firm-commentary",
            "tier": "lawyer-judgment-backed",
            "title": "Littler Mendelson commentary",
            "citation": "Littler Mendelson, Minnesota Is Poised to Enact a Law Banning Virtually All Non-Compete Agreements (2023).",
            "url": "https://www.littler.com/news-analysis/asap/minnesota-poised-enact-law-banning-virtually-all-non-compete-agreements",
            "proposition": "Littler supports the reading that Minnesota's statute is not limited by worker income or status.",
            "verbatimQuote": "the proposed Minnesota law creates a complete prohibition on non-compete agreements between the employer and workers, regardless of the person’s income",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-littler-minn-181-988-complete-prohibition"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "slug": "pre-2023-agreements",
        "label": "What about pre-July 2023 agreements?",
        "heading": "What law governs Minnesota non-compete agreements signed before July 1, 2023?",
        "answerText": "Pre-July 1, 2023 agreements are still analyzed under Minnesota common law, not automatically voided by the 2023 statute.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "id": "cooley-minn-181-988-not-retroactive",
            "authorityType": "law-firm-commentary",
            "tier": "lawyer-judgment-backed",
            "title": "Cooley commentary",
            "citation": "Cooley, Minnesota Set to Ban Most Noncompete Agreements Beginning July 1, 2023 (2023).",
            "url": "https://www.cooley.com/news/insight/2023/2023-06-28-minnesota-set-to-ban-most-noncompete-agreements-beginning-july-1-2023",
            "proposition": "Cooley supports the prospective-only reading for agreements entered into before July 1, 2023.",
            "verbatimQuote": "Minnesota’s noncompete statute is not retroactive – any noncompete agreements entered into prior to the July 1, 2023, effective date will continue to be evaluated pursuant to Minnesota common law",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-cooley-minn-181-988-not-retroactive"
          },
          {
            "id": "kallok-medtronic-legitimate-interest",
            "authorityType": "case-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Kallok v. Medtronic, Inc.",
            "citation": "Kallok v. Medtronic, Inc., 573 N.W.2d 356 (Minn. 1998).",
            "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1251773/kallok-v-medtronic-inc/",
            "deepLink": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1251773/kallok-v-medtronic-inc/#:~:text=noncompete%20agreements%20are%20enforceable%20if,necessary%20to%20protect%20this%20interest.",
            "proposition": "Kallok supports the legacy Minnesota rule that non-competes must serve a legitimate employer interest and be no broader than necessary.",
            "verbatimQuote": "noncompete agreements are enforceable if they serve a legitimate employer interest and are not broader than necessary to protect this interest.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-kallok-medtronic-legitimate-interest"
          },
          {
            "id": "bennett-storz-fact-specific-balance",
            "authorityType": "case-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Bennett v. Storz Broadcasting Co.",
            "citation": "Bennett v. Storz Broadcasting Co., 270 Minn. 525, 134 N.W.2d 892 (1965).",
            "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1689754/bennett-v-storz-broadcasting-co/",
            "deepLink": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1689754/bennett-v-storz-broadcasting-co/#:~:text=the%20court%20must%20consider%20not,the%20circumstances%20of%20the%20case",
            "proposition": "Bennett supports the fact-specific balance between employer protection and the employee's right to work.",
            "verbatimQuote": "the court must consider not only the nature of the business and character of the employment but all the circumstances of the case",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-bennett-storz-fact-specific-balance"
          },
          {
            "id": "sanborn-currie-independent-consideration",
            "authorityType": "case-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Sanborn Manufacturing Co. v. Currie",
            "citation": "Sanborn Mfg. Co. v. Currie, 500 N.W.2d 161 (Minn. Ct. App. 1993).",
            "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1625841/sanborn-manufacturing-co-v-currie/",
            "deepLink": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1625841/sanborn-manufacturing-co-v-currie/#:~:text=Proof%20of%20continued%20employment%20is,consideration%20for%20a%20noncompetition%20agreement.",
            "proposition": "Sanborn supports the independent-consideration requirement for a non-compete not ancillary to the original employment contract.",
            "verbatimQuote": "Proof of continued employment is not enough to show sufficient consideration for a noncompetition agreement.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-sanborn-currie-independent-consideration"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "slug": "statutory-exceptions",
        "label": "What exceptions remain?",
        "heading": "What are the statutory exceptions to Minnesota's non-compete ban?",
        "answerText": "Two statutory exceptions remain: a covenant agreed upon during the sale of a business, and a covenant agreed upon in anticipation of the dissolution of a business.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "id": "minn-181-988-sale-business-exception",
            "authorityType": "primary-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 2(b)(1)",
            "citation": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 2(b)(1) (2025).",
            "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/181.988",
            "proposition": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 2(b)(1), supports the sale-of-business exception and its reasonableness limits.",
            "verbatimQuote": "the covenant not to compete is agreed upon during the sale of a business. The person selling the business and the partners, members, or shareholders, and the buyer of the business may agree on a temporary and geographically restricted covenant not to compete that will prohibit the seller of the business from carrying on a similar business within a reasonable geographic area and for a reasonable length of time",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-minn-181-988-sale-business-exception"
          },
          {
            "id": "minn-181-988-dissolution-exception",
            "authorityType": "primary-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 2(b)(2)",
            "citation": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 2(b)(2) (2025).",
            "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/181.988",
            "proposition": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 2(b)(2), supports the dissolution exception.",
            "verbatimQuote": "the covenant not to compete is agreed upon in anticipation of the dissolution of a business.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-minn-181-988-dissolution-exception"
          },
          {
            "id": "taft-minn-181-988-exception-reasonableness",
            "authorityType": "law-firm-commentary",
            "tier": "lawyer-judgment-backed",
            "title": "Taft commentary",
            "citation": "Taft, Minnesota Becomes Yet Another State To Ban Non-Compete Agreements (2023).",
            "url": "https://www.taftlaw.com/news-events/law-bulletins/minnesota-becomes-yet-another-state-to-ban-non-compete-agreements/",
            "proposition": "Taft supports the caution that the statutory exceptions retain undefined reasonableness questions.",
            "verbatimQuote": "the law does not provide guidance as to what constitutes a “reasonable” geographic territory or length of time for a non-competition provision to be permissible.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-taft-minn-181-988-exception-reasonableness"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "slug": "nonsolicits-ndas",
        "label": "What about nonsolicits and NDAs?",
        "heading": "How does Minnesota's non-compete statute treat non-solicitation agreements, customer non-solicits, and NDAs?",
        "answerText": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988 does not define NDAs, trade-secret agreements, customer non-solicits, client-list restrictions, or customer-solicitation restrictions as covenants not to compete.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "id": "minn-181-988-excludes-ndas-nonsolicits",
            "authorityType": "primary-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 1(a)",
            "citation": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 1(a) (2025).",
            "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/181.988",
            "proposition": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 1(a), supports excluding NDAs, trade-secret agreements, nonsolicitation agreements, client-list restrictions, and customer-solicitation restrictions from the statutory definition of a covenant not to compete.",
            "verbatimQuote": "A covenant not to compete does not include a nondisclosure agreement, or agreement designed to protect trade secrets or confidential information. A covenant not to compete does not include a nonsolicitation agreement, or agreement restricting the ability to use client or contact lists, or solicit customers of the employer.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-minn-181-988-excludes-ndas-nonsolicits"
          },
          {
            "id": "mcdermott-minn-181-988-nonsolicits-valid",
            "authorityType": "law-firm-commentary",
            "tier": "lawyer-judgment-backed",
            "title": "McDermott Will & Emery commentary",
            "citation": "McDermott Will & Emery, Minnesota Bans Noncompete Agreements with Limited Exceptions (2023).",
            "url": "https://www.mcdermottlaw.com/insights/minnesota-bans-noncompete-agreements-with-limited-exceptions/",
            "proposition": "McDermott confirms that nondisclosure and trade-secret protection agreements remain valid under Minnesota's non-compete ban.",
            "verbatimQuote": "Nondisclosure agreements, or other agreements designed to protect trade secrets or confidential business information",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-mcdermott-minn-181-988-nonsolicits-valid"
          },
          {
            "id": "stinson-minn-181-988-nonsolicits-careful-drafting",
            "authorityType": "law-firm-commentary",
            "tier": "lawyer-judgment-backed",
            "title": "Stinson commentary",
            "citation": "Stinson, Minnesota Non-Compete Ban Signed into Law and Effective July 1, 2023 (2023).",
            "url": "https://www.stinson.com/newsroom-publications-minnesota-non-compete-ban-signed-into-law-and-effective-july-1-2023",
            "proposition": "Stinson supports careful continued use of nonsolicitation and nondisclosure provisions after the ban.",
            "verbatimQuote": "Nondisclosure (which, as previously mentioned, still must comply with recent NLRB decisions) and nonsolicitation agreements, as well as agreements that restrict an employee’s use of customer or client lists, should be carefully crafted to protect employer’s business needs.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-stinson-minn-181-988-nonsolicits-careful-drafting"
          },
          {
            "id": "snell-minn-181-988-functional-noncompete",
            "authorityType": "law-firm-commentary",
            "tier": "lawyer-judgment-backed",
            "title": "Snell & Wilmer commentary",
            "citation": "Snell & Wilmer, Doing Business in Minnesota? Six Things Employers Should Know About the New Noncompete Ban (2023).",
            "url": "https://www.swlaw.com/publication/doing-business-in-minnesota-six-things-employers-should-know-about-the-new-noncompete-ban/",
            "proposition": "Snell & Wilmer supports the drafting caution that a nominal nonsolicit can still be banned if it functions like a non-compete.",
            "verbatimQuote": "Customer non-solicitation and employee non-solicitation agreements are not impacted (but if the provision functions like a noncompete, it will be banned even if it is called a non-solicit).",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-snell-minn-181-988-functional-noncompete"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "slug": "choice-of-law-venue",
        "label": "Can contracts avoid Minnesota law?",
        "heading": "Can choice-of-law or forum-selection clauses avoid Minnesota's non-compete statute?",
        "answerText": "Usually no for employees who primarily reside and work in Minnesota, for claims arising under Minn. Stat. § 181.988.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "id": "minn-181-988-substantive-minnesota-law",
            "authorityType": "primary-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 3(a)",
            "citation": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 3(a) (2025).",
            "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/181.988",
            "proposition": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 3(a), supports the rule that covered Minnesota employees cannot be required to waive Minnesota's substantive protection or litigate outside Minnesota as a condition of employment.",
            "verbatimQuote": "deprive the employee of the substantive protection of Minnesota law with respect to a controversy arising in Minnesota.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-minn-181-988-substantive-minnesota-law"
          },
          {
            "id": "minn-181-988-voidable-minnesota-forum",
            "authorityType": "primary-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 3(b)",
            "citation": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 3(b) (2025).",
            "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/181.988",
            "proposition": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 3(b), supports the remedy that a violating clause is voidable by the employee and the matter is heard in Minnesota under Minnesota law.",
            "verbatimQuote": "the matter shall be adjudicated in Minnesota and Minnesota law shall govern the dispute.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-minn-181-988-voidable-minnesota-forum"
          },
          {
            "id": "stinson-minn-181-988-choice-law-risk",
            "authorityType": "law-firm-commentary",
            "tier": "lawyer-judgment-backed",
            "title": "Stinson commentary",
            "citation": "Stinson, Minnesota Non-Compete Ban Signed into Law and Effective July 1, 2023 (2023).",
            "url": "https://www.stinson.com/newsroom-publications-minnesota-non-compete-ban-signed-into-law-and-effective-july-1-2023",
            "proposition": "Stinson supports employer review of choice-of-law and venue clauses for employees who live or work in Minnesota.",
            "verbatimQuote": "employers should consult with their legal counsel to gauge risk in maintaining choice of law and forum selection clauses for outside jurisdictions in agreements for employees who live or work in Minnesota.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-stinson-minn-181-988-choice-law-risk"
          },
          {
            "id": "littler-minn-181-988-foreign-law-templates",
            "authorityType": "law-firm-commentary",
            "tier": "lawyer-judgment-backed",
            "title": "Littler Mendelson commentary",
            "citation": "Littler Mendelson, Minnesota Is Poised to Enact a Law Banning Virtually All Non-Compete Agreements (2023).",
            "url": "https://www.littler.com/news-analysis/asap/minnesota-poised-enact-law-banning-virtually-all-non-compete-agreements",
            "proposition": "Littler supports the warning that the choice-of-law and forum provision can require template changes even for employers not using non-competes.",
            "verbatimQuote": "Many employers in Minnesota that do not currently use non-compete agreements would still need to amend template agreements to comply with this part of the proposed law.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-littler-minn-181-988-foreign-law-templates"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "slug": "service-contract-restrictions",
        "label": "What about service contracts?",
        "heading": "Did Minnesota add a separate rule for service-provider no-hire restrictions?",
        "answerText": "Yes. Effective July 1, 2024, Minnesota added a separate statute voiding certain service-contract provisions that block a customer from soliciting or hiring a service provider's worker.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "id": "minn-181-9881-service-contract-void",
            "authorityType": "primary-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Minn. Stat. § 181.9881, subd. 2(a)–(b)",
            "citation": "Minn. Stat. § 181.9881, subd. 2(a)–(b) (2025).",
            "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/181.9881",
            "proposition": "Minn. Stat. § 181.9881, subd. 2(a)–(b), supports the rule voiding certain service-contract no-hire restrictions.",
            "verbatimQuote": "Any provision of an existing contract that violates paragraph (a) is void and unenforceable.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-minn-181-9881-service-contract-void"
          },
          {
            "id": "minn-181-9881-employee-notice",
            "authorityType": "primary-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Minn. Stat. § 181.9881, subd. 2(c)",
            "citation": "Minn. Stat. § 181.9881, subd. 2(c) (2025).",
            "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/181.9881",
            "proposition": "Minn. Stat. § 181.9881, subd. 2(c), supports the employee-notice requirement when an existing service contract contains a violating covenant.",
            "verbatimQuote": "the service provider must provide notice to their employees of this section and the restrictive covenant in the existing contract that violates this section.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-minn-181-9881-employee-notice"
          },
          {
            "id": "minn-181-9881-software-consulting-exemption",
            "authorityType": "primary-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Minn. Stat. § 181.9881, subd. 3",
            "citation": "Minn. Stat. § 181.9881, subd. 3 (2025).",
            "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/181.9881",
            "proposition": "Minn. Stat. § 181.9881, subd. 3, supports the professional software-consulting exemption.",
            "verbatimQuote": "This section does not apply to workers providing professional business consulting for computer software development and related services",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-minn-181-9881-software-consulting-exemption"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "slug": "recent-developments",
        "label": "What recently changed?",
        "heading": "What recent developments changed Minnesota non-compete law?",
        "answerText": "Minnesota changed from a common-law enforceability regime to a prospective statutory ban in 2023, then added a service-contract restriction in 2024.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "id": "minn-181-988-void-recent",
            "authorityType": "primary-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 2(a)",
            "citation": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 2(a) (2025).",
            "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/181.988",
            "proposition": "Minn. Stat. § 181.988, subd. 2(a), is the operative prohibition the 2023 enactment created: covered covenants not to compete are void and unenforceable.",
            "verbatimQuote": "Any covenant not to compete contained in a contract or agreement is void and unenforceable.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-minn-181-988-void-recent"
          },
          {
            "id": "stinson-minn-181-988-signed-effective",
            "authorityType": "law-firm-commentary",
            "tier": "lawyer-judgment-backed",
            "title": "Stinson commentary",
            "citation": "Stinson, Minnesota Non-Compete Ban Signed into Law and Effective July 1, 2023 (2023).",
            "url": "https://www.stinson.com/newsroom-publications-minnesota-non-compete-ban-signed-into-law-and-effective-july-1-2023",
            "proposition": "Stinson supports the May 24, 2023 signing date and July 1, 2023 effective-date summary.",
            "verbatimQuote": "MN SF 3035, signed by Governor Walz on May 24, 2023, restricts employers from entering into noncompetition agreements on or after July 1, 2023",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-stinson-minn-181-988-signed-effective"
          },
          {
            "id": "cooley-minn-181-988-not-retroactive-development",
            "authorityType": "law-firm-commentary",
            "tier": "lawyer-judgment-backed",
            "title": "Cooley commentary",
            "citation": "Cooley, Minnesota Set to Ban Most Noncompete Agreements Beginning July 1, 2023 (2023).",
            "url": "https://www.cooley.com/news/insight/2023/2023-06-28-minnesota-set-to-ban-most-noncompete-agreements-beginning-july-1-2023",
            "proposition": "Cooley supports the recent-development point that Minnesota's ban became operative July 1, 2023 and was not retroactive.",
            "verbatimQuote": "The prohibition on noncompete agreements goes into effect on July 1, 2023.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-cooley-minn-181-988-not-retroactive-development"
          },
          {
            "id": "littler-minn-181-988-existing-agreements",
            "authorityType": "law-firm-commentary",
            "tier": "lawyer-judgment-backed",
            "title": "Littler Mendelson commentary",
            "citation": "Littler Mendelson, Minnesota Is Poised to Enact a Law Banning Virtually All Non-Compete Agreements (2023).",
            "url": "https://www.littler.com/news-analysis/asap/minnesota-poised-enact-law-banning-virtually-all-non-compete-agreements",
            "proposition": "Littler supports the point that pre-effective-date non-competes continue under Minnesota case law.",
            "verbatimQuote": "non-compete agreements entered into prior to the effective date of the new law would continue to be evaluated by Minnesota courts based on the established body of case law",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-littler-minn-181-988-existing-agreements"
          },
          {
            "id": "minn-181-9881-service-contract-void-development",
            "authorityType": "primary-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "Minn. Stat. § 181.9881, subd. 2(a)",
            "citation": "Minn. Stat. § 181.9881, subd. 2(a) (2025).",
            "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/181.9881",
            "proposition": "Minn. Stat. § 181.9881, subd. 2(a), supports the 2024 service-contract prohibition on customer no-hire restrictions.",
            "verbatimQuote": "No service provider may restrict, restrain, or prohibit in any way a customer from directly or indirectly soliciting or hiring an employee of a service provider.",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-minn-181-9881-service-contract-void-development"
          },
          {
            "id": "minn-hf1768-proposed-exceptions",
            "authorityType": "primary-law",
            "tier": "primary-source-backed",
            "title": "H.F. 1768, 94th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Minn. 2025)",
            "citation": "H.F. 1768, 94th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Minn. 2025).",
            "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/94/2025/0/HF/1768/versions/latest/pdf/?list=open",
            "proposition": "H.F. 1768 supports the 2025 legislative-context note that additional exceptions to the non-compete ban were proposed in the 2025 session.",
            "verbatimQuote": "providing additional circumstances under which a covenant not to compete is valid and enforceable",
            "anchor": "https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/non-compete/us/minnesota#src-minn-hf1768-proposed-exceptions"
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}